Jews under Tsars and Communists explores how perceptions of Jews in late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union shaped the regimes’ policies toward them. It traces the evolving and changing nature of popular and official beliefs about the purported nature of Jews from the late 18th century to the end of the 20th century. Robert Weinberg’s examination of the ‘Jewish Question’ (and by extension anti-Semitism) provides a fruitful way to investigate why and how social, economic, political, and cultural developments in Russia from the time of Catherine the Great led to prejudices and the discriminatory treatment of Russian and Soviet Jews.